Total Station

A total station combines an electronic theodolite and a distance meter, measuring angles and distances together to fix 3D positions. It is the instrument behind precise construction stakeout and as-built capture.

Models

Varies by model

Angular accuracy

Brands

How it works

The instrument measures horizontal and vertical angles on encoders while an electronic distance meter times light reflected from a prism or surface. From a known station and backsight, onboard software converts each measurement to coordinates, or reverses the math to guide stakeout to design points. Robotic models track the prism so one operator runs the whole survey.

Types & variants

Mechanical total stations: Two-person instruments for stakeout and control work.
Robotic total stations: Prism-tracking units run by a single operator at the rod.
Reflectorless models: Instruments measuring directly to surfaces without a prism.

Key specifications

Specification	Typical range	What it means
Angular accuracy	Varies by model	Stated in seconds of arc; the core precision figure.
Distance range and accuracy	Varies by model	Prism and reflectorless ranges differ substantially.
Robotic capability	Varies by model	Tracking and remote control determine crew size.

How the industry sizes it

Instruments are graded by angular accuracy and automation: layout-grade stations serve building stakeout, while high-accuracy and robotic models support control networks and machine-guidance workflows.

Applications

Staking out foundations, anchor bolts, and gridlines
As-built and topographic data collection
Monitoring structure positions during construction
Feeding layout data between field and model

Safety & operation

Stations and prism rods work amid live equipment; high-visibility clothing and spotters govern positioning.
Tripods are guarded in traffic areas — instrument value alone justifies barriers.
Laser-based EDM modules follow their class precautions for eye exposure.